Tractus Catena

This VIS image shows part of Tractus Catena, just one of many north/south trending tectonic graben located south and east of Alba Mons. Graben are formed by extension of the crust and faulting. When large amounts of pressure or tension are applied to rocks on timescales that are fast enough that the rock cannot respond by deforming, the rock breaks along faults. In the case of a graben, two parallel faults are formed by extension of the crust and the rock in between the faults drops downward into the space created by the extension. Because the faults defining the graben are formed perpendicular to the direction of the applied stress, we know that extensional forces were pulling the crust apart in the east/west direction. The graben with circular pits are part of Tractus Catena. The graben without pits are part of Tractus Fossae. The pits most likely formed as a result of roof collapse into an underlying open space such as a lava tube.